Şöyle yaparız
CREATE TABLE container(id bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT (NEXT VALUE FOR container_sequence),...);
CREATE TABLE container(id bigint NOT NULL DEFAULT (NEXT VALUE FOR container_sequence),...);
PostgreSQL offers two types of reindexing methods: offline and online.a. Offline ReindexingOffline reindexing locks the table, preventing any data modifications during the process. It is suitable for smaller tables or during maintenance windows with lower database activity.b. Online ReindexingOnline reindexing allows concurrent read and write operations on the table while rebuilding the index. It is suitable for larger tables that require continuous access.
# REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY a_idx;
-- Perform the reindexing REINDEX INDEX index_name;
-- List the index name SELECT indexname, tablename, schemaname FROM pg_catalog.pg_indexes -- Reindex by Index Name REINDEX INDEX your_index_name;
-- Reindex the index concurrently REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name;
-- Reindex by Schema Name REINDEX SCHEMA your_schema_name;
Another option is to use the CLUSTER command, where the entire table will be rewritten, taking and reordering based on the created index
The CLUSTER command in PostgreSQL is used to physically reorder the data in a table based on the index information. This can improve the performance of queries that use the index, as the rows will be stored in a contiguous block on disk.The syntax for the CLUSTER command is as follows:CLUSTER table_name [USING index_name]The table_name parameter specifies the name of the table to be clustered. The index_name parameter specifies the name of the index to use for clustering. If the index_name parameter is not specified, PostgreSQL will use the primary key index, if one exists.
1. Created a btree index on the unique identifier column (took about 20 minutes to complete, the size of the index was about 14gb).2. Reduced the fill factor from 100 to 85 (we do get a lot of updates on the same unique id)3. Ran ‘CLUSTER <table> USING <id index>’ (took about 45 minutes to complete)4. Ran ‘VACUUM FULL ANALYZE’ (we could have ran just ‘ANALYZE’ alone, but i wanted to do the check fresh).5. Re-ran the bulk upsert command, but this time the temp table will have data sorted as per the unique id (ascending), so that the upsert are done in the sorted id format.
The SQL standard states that SQL queries and identifiers (e.g., table names) aren’t case sensitive. Thus, there’s no difference betweenselect id, email from people;andSELECT ID, EMAIL FROM PEOPLE;
Whereas single quotes in PostgreSQL are used to create a text string, double quotes are used to name an identifier without changing its case.
The bottom line, then, is to avoid using double quotes when creating anything. Actually, you should avoid double quotes when retrieving things as well — otherwise, you might discover that you’re trying to retrieve a column that PostgreSQL doesn’t believe exists.
"SELECT * FROM \"" + mapping + "\" LIMIT 0"
CREATE TABLE "People" (id SERIAL NOT NULL,email TEXT NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY(id));
SELECT * FROM people; ERROR: relation "people" does not exist
PostgreSQL, also known as Postgres, is a free and open-source relational database management system emphasizing extensibility and SQL compliance. It was originally named POSTGRES, referring to its origins as a successor to the Ingres database developed at the University of California, Berkeley.
CREATE TYPE order_status AS ENUM(
'Ordered',
'Baking',
'Delivering',
'YummyInMyTummy');
CREATE TABLE pizza_order (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
status order_status NOT NULL,
order_time TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
);
Şu SQL çalışır, çünkü status tipi olarak CREATE TYPE ile belirtilen bir string verdik> INSERT INTO pizza_order (id, status, order_time)
VALUES (1, 'Ordered', now());
CREATE CAST (varchar AS order_status) WITH INOUT AS IMPLICIT;
> show log_statement;> set log_statement = 'all';// log destination is stderr> show log_destination;//Show logger pattern> show log_line_prefix;%m [%p]
# Locate the line log_line_prefix and change to the following log_line_prefix = '(%m,%p,%d,%u,%r)'
log_statement_sample_rate: value between 0 and 1. This is for sampling some statements to log. Useful if you have a lot of loads.log_destination: we can specify the file path where store the log and the format as well. I.e: jsonlog /mnt/logs/postgres.json . plain, JSON and CSV are the format supported at this moment.
$ docker run -d \ --name postgres-pg-audit \ -e POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=postgres \ -e POSTGRESQL_PGAUDIT_LOG="read, ddl" \ bitnami/postgresql:latest
define a logging policy per object
> create role auditor; > set pgaudit.role = 'auditor'; > set pgaudit.log = ''; > grant select (password) on public.account to auditor;